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GLossary

  • Abrasive Wear: Wear between two surfaces - ploughing, scratching, polishing by wear debris or solid contaminants.
  • Acid Number: A measure of the amount of KOH needed to neutralise all or part of the acidity of a petroleum product.
  • Additive - Any material added to a base stock to change its properties, characteristics or performance.
  • Adhesive Wear - Wear caused by metal-to-metal contact; welding of asperities in mixed boundary regimes (scoring, scuffing).
  • Aniline Point - The lowest temperature at which equal volumes of aniline and hydrocarbon fuel or lubricant base stock are completely miscible. A measure of the aromatic content of a hydrocarbon blend, used to predict the solvency of a base stock or the cetane number of a distillate fuel.
  • Antifoam Agent - An additive used to change the surface tension between air and oil so bubbles break rapidly thus preventing foam formation.
  • Antiwear Agents - Additives that are activated by rubbing contact and react to form a protective film over the metal surface to reduce wear in areas of marginal lubrication.
  • Apparent Viscosity - A measure of the viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid under specified temperature and shear rate conditions.
  • Ash - Metallic deposits formed in the combustion chamber and other engine parts during high-temperature operation.
  • Ash (Sulphated) - The ash content of an oil, determined by charring the oil, treating the residue with sulphuric acid, and evaporating to dryness. Expressed as % by mass.
  • Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) - Fluid for automatic, hydraulic transmissions in motor vehicles.
  • Bactericide - Additive to inhibit bacterial growth in fluids preventing odours.
  • Bases - Compounds that react with acids to form salts plus water. Alkalis are water-soluble bases, used in petroleum refining to remove acidic impurities. Oil soluble bases are included in lubricating oil additives to neutralise acids formed during the combustion of fuel or oxidation of the lubricant.
  • Base Number - The amount of acid (perchloric or hydrochloric) needed to neutralise all or part of a lubricant's basicity, expressed as KOH equivalents.
  • Base Stock - The base fluid, usually a refined petroleum fraction or a selected synthetic material, into which additives are blended to produce finished lubricants.
  • Bitumen - Brown/black viscous residue from the vacuum distillation of crude petroleum. Consists of high molecular weight hydrocarbons and minor amounts of sulphur and nitrogen compounds. Also called asphalt and tar.
  • Black Oils - Lubricants containing asphaltic materials imparting extra adhesiveness - used for open gears.
  • Blow-by - Passage of unburned fuel and combustion gases past the piston rings of internal combustion engines, resulting in fuel dilution and contamination of the crankcase oil.
  • Boundary Lubrication - Partial lubrication between two rubbing surfaces occurs under high loads as the result of insufficient viscosity, low speed and restricted contact area.
  • Bright Stock - A heavy residual lubricant stock with low pour point, used in finished blends to provide good bearing film strength, prevent scuffing, and reduce oil consumption. Usually identified by its viscosity, SUS at 210°F or CSt at 100°C.
  • Brinelling - Denting caused by impact of one bearing component against another while stationary
  • Brookfield Viscosity - Measure of apparent viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid as determined by the Brookfield viscometer at a controlled temperature and shear rate.
  • Cams - Eccentric shafts used in most internal combustion engines to open and close valves.
  • Cam Follower - An engine component that uses a linkage system between a cam and the valve it operates. The follower typically translates the rotational motion of the cam to a reciprocating linear motion in the linkage system.
  • Carbon Residue - Coked material remaining after an oil has been exposed to high temperatures under controlled conditions.
  • Catalytic Converter - An integral part of vehicle emission control systems since 1975. Oxidising converters remove hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO) from exhaust gases, while reducing converters control nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Both use noble metal (platinum, palladium or rhodium) catalysts that can be "poisoned" by lead compounds in the fuel or lubricant.
  • Cavitation - Erosion Wear characterised by formation and rapid collapse of bubbles on a surface due to rapid pressure changes.
  • Cetane Index - A value calculated from the physical properties of a diesel fuel to predict its Cetane Number.
  • Cetane Number - A measure of the ignition quality of a diesel fuel, as determined in a standard single cylinder test engine, which measures ignition delay, compared to primary reference fuels. The higher the Cetane Number, the easier a high-speed, direct-injection engine will start, and the less "white smoking" and "diesel knock" after start-up.
  • Cetane Improver - An additive that boosts the Cetane Number of a fuel.
  • Cloud Point - The temperature at which a cloud of wax crystals appears when a lubricant or distillate fuel is cooled under standard conditions. Indicates the tendency of the material to plug filters or small orifice under cold weather conditions.
  • Cold Cranking Simulator - An intermediate shear rate viscometer that predicts the ability of an oil to permit a satisfactory cranking speed to be developed in a cold engine.
  • Compression Ratio - In an internal combustion engine, the ratio of the volume of combustion space at bottom dead center to that at top dead center.
  • Corrosion Inhibitor - Additive that protects lubricated metal surfaces from chemical attack by water or other contaminants.
  • Corrosive Wear - Wear caused by chemical reaction.
  • Crown - The top of the piston in an internal combustion engine above the fire ring, exposed to direct flame impingement.
  • Demulsibility - A measure of a fluid's ability to separate from water.
  • Demulsifier - An additive used to prevent the formation of emulsions by changing the surface tension between oil and water so separation occurs quickly.
  • Denaturants - Toxic components used in fuel ethanol to make it unfit for drinking.
  • Density - Mass per unit volume.
  • Detergent Inhibitor - A substance added to a fuel or lubricant to neutralise acidic blowby gases, control rust, reduce lacquer and prevent ring sticking.
  • Detonation - Uncontrolled burning of the last portion (end gas) of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder of a spark-ignition engine. Also known as "knock" or "ping."
  • Dilution of Engine Oil - Contamination of crankcase oil by unburned fuel, leading to reduced viscosity and flash point. May indicate component wear or fuel system maladjustment.
  • Dispersant - An additive that: helps suspend solid contaminants in a crankcase oil in colloidal suspension; inhibits and disperses sludge; reduces the formation of varnish deposits on engine parts and neutralizes combustion acids.
  • Distillation - The basic test used to characterise the volatility of a gasoline or distillate fuel.
  • Dynamic Viscosity - A Measure of the force needed to shear one fluid layer over another.
  • Elastohydro-dynamic Lubrication - A lubricant regime characterised by high unit loads and high speeds in rolling elements where the mating parts deform elastically due to the incompressibility of the lubricant film under high pressure.
  • Emulsifier Additive - that promotes the formation of a stable mixture, or emulsion, of oil and water.
  • End Point - Highest vapour temperature recorded during a distillation test of a petroleum stock.
  • Engine Deposit - Hard or persistent accumulation of sludge, varnish and carbonaceous residues due to blow-by of unburned and partially burned fuel, or the partial breakdown of the crankcase lubricant. Water from the condensation of combustion products, carbon, residues from fuel or lubricating oil additives, dust and metal particles also contribute.
  • Erosion - Wearing away of a surface by an impinging solid or fluid.
  • Exhaust Gas Recirculation - System to reduce automotive emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx). It routes exhaust gases into the carburettor or intake manifold where they dilute the air/fuel mixture and reduce peak combustion temperatures, thereby reducing the tendency for NOx to form.
  • False Brinelling - Fretting of one bearing component against another - may appear as a dent but the original surface finish is worn away.
  • Fatigue - Cracking, flaking or spalling of a surface due to stresses beyond the endurance limit of the material.
  • Ferrography - Magnetic particle analysis.
  • Flash Point - Minimum temperature at which a fluid will support instantaneous combustion (a flash) but before it will burn continuously (fire point). Flash point is an important indicator of the fire and explosion hazards associated with a petroleum product.
  • Fluid Friction - Occurs between the molecules of a gas or liquid in motion, and is expressed as shear stress. Unlike solid friction, fluid friction varies with speed and area.
  • Fretting - Wear resulting from small amplitude motion between two surfaces - may produce red/black oxide.
  • Friction - The resistance that one surface encounters when moving over another.
  • Frost - Field of micro pits - form of microadhesive wear.
  • Gaseous Fuels - Liquefied or compressed hydrocarbon gasses used in motor vehicles in place of gasoline and diesel fuel.
  • Gasoline - A volatile mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, containing small amounts of additives and suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal-combustion engines.
  • Gravity: In petroleum products, the mass/volume relationship expressed as:
    Specific gravity = mass unit volume product @60F/mass unit
    volume water @60F
    API gravity = 141.5/specific gravity @60F/60F - 131.5
  • Hydrodynamic Lubrication - Full film lubrication (surface separating).
  • Hydrofinishing - Process for treating raw extracted basestocks with hydrogen for improved stability.
  • High Shear Viscosity - The viscosity is very different from that determined using CCS. HTHS is generally measured using a Ravenfield viscometer which simulates the conditions in a running engine.
  • Inhibitor - Additive that improves the performance of a petroleum product by controlling undesirable chemical reactions, i.e. oxidation inhibitor, rust inhibitor, etc.
  • Insolubles - Contaminants found in used oils (dust, wear particles etc).
  • Kinematic Viscosity - Measure of a fluid's resistance to flow under gravity at a specific temperature (usually 40°C or 100°C)
  • Dynamic Viscosity = Kinematic Viscosity / Density of the fluid
    KV 100 relates High temperature operability, oil consumption and SAE grade.
    KV 40 indicates fuel dilution and ISO grade for industrial oils.
    KV 40 and KV 100 are used to calculate the viscosity index.
  • Knock - See Detonation.
  • Lacquer - A thin, insoluble, non-wipeable film occurring on interior engine parts of diesel engines. Can cause sticking and damage of moving parts.
  • Lands - The circumferential areas between the grooves of a piston.
  • Lubrication - The support of a sliding load on a friction-reducing film. The friction reducing film can consist of gases, liquids or solids.
  • Multigrade Oil - Engine or gear oil that meets the requirements of more than one SAE viscosity grade classification, and that can be used over a wider temperature range than a single grade oil.
  • Morphology - The study of the form of things.
  • Naphthenic - Petroleum fluid derived from naphthenic crude oil - contains a high number of closed-ring hydrocarbons.
  • Neutralization Number - A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an oil. The number is the mass in milligrams of the amount of acid (HCl) or base (KOH) required to neutralise one gram of oil.
  • Neutral Oil - The basis of most commonly used automotive and diesel lubricants, they are light overhead cuts from vacuum distillation.
  • Newtonian Flow - An oil is said to show Newtonian behavior if shear stress shows a linear relationship to shear rate i.e. viscosity is independent of shear rate. When rate of shear is not directly proportional to the shearing force, flow is non-Newtonian, as with oils containing viscosity modifiers.
  • Nitration - The process whereby nitrogen oxides attack petroleum fluids at high temperatures, often resulting in viscosity increase and deposit formation.
  • Paraffinic - A type of petroleum fluid derived from paraffinic crude oil and containing a high proportion of straight chain saturated hydrocarbons. Often susceptible to cold flow problems.
  • Ping - See Detonation.
  • Pitting - Surface fatigue during rolling contact.
  • Poise (P) - Measurement unit of a fluid's resistance to flow, i.e., viscosity, defined by the shear stress (in dynes per square centimeter) required to move one layer of fluid along another over a total layer thickness of one centimeter at a velocity of one centimeter per second. This viscosity is independent of fluid density, and directly related to flow resistance.
  • Polishing (Bore) - Excessive smoothing of the surface finish of the cylinder bore or cylinder liner in an engine to a mirror-like appearance, resulting in depreciation of ring sealing and oil consumption performance.
  • Pour Point - It is the lowest temperature (°C)at which the fluid will flow.
  • Pour Point Depressant - Additive used to lower the pour point or low-temperature fluidity of a petroleum product.
  • Pre-ignition - Ignition of the fuel/air mixture in a gasoline engine before the spark plug fires. Often caused by incandescent fuel or lubricant deposits in the combustion chamber.
  • Pumpability - The low temperature, low shear stress-shear rate viscosity characteristics of an oil that permit satisfactory flow to and from the engine oil pump and subsequent lubrication of moving components.
  • Refining - Series of processes to convert crude oil and its fractions into finished petroleum products, including thermal cracking, catalytic cracking, polymerization, alkylation, reforming, hydrocracking, hydroforming, hydrogenation, hydrogen treating, solvent extraction, de-waxing, de-oiling, acid treating, clay filtration and de-asphalting.
  • Re-refining - A process of reclaiming used lubricant oils and restoring them to a condition similar to that of virgin stocks.
  • Ridging - In gear teeth, a form of plastic flow characterised by a rippled appearance on the surface.
  • Ring Sticking - Freezing of a piston ring in its groove due to heavy deposits in the piston ring zone.
  • Rings - Circular metallic elements that ride in the grooves of a piston and provide compression sealing during combustion. Also used to spread oil for lubrication.
  • Rolling and Peening - In gear teeth, a form of plastic flow that gives the surface a hammered appearance; metal may be rolled over the teeth tips.
  • Scratching - Fine abrasive furrows in the direction of sliding.
  • Scuffing - Abnormal engine wear due to localized welding and fracture.
  • Shear Stability Index - A measure of permanent viscosity loss: SSI = Viscosity loss X 100% Polymeric viscosity thickening (lift).
  • Sludge - A thick, dark residue, normally of mayonnaise consistency, that accumulates on non-moving engine interior surfaces. Generally removable by wiping unless baked hard, its formation is associated with overload of insolubles in the lubricant.
  • Spalling - Severe damage characterised by large pits, cavities and cracks; related to overload and fatigue.
  • Stoke (St) - Kinematic measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow defined by the ratio of the fluid's dynamic viscosity to its density.
  • Synthetic Lubricant - Lubricant made by chemically reacting materials of a specific chemical composition to produce a compound with planned and predictable properties.
  • Temporary Shear Stability Index (TSSI) - The measure of the viscosity modifier's contribution to an oil's percentage viscosity loss under high shear conditions. Temporary shear loss results from the reversible lowering of viscosity in high shear areas of the engine, an effect that can positively influence fuel economy and cold cranking speed.
  • Temporary Viscosity Loss (TVL) - Measure of decrease in dynamic viscosity under high shear rates compared to dynamic viscosity under low shear.
  • Tribology - Science of the interactions between surfaces moving relative to each other, including the study of lubrication, friction and wear.
  • Valve Lifter - See cam follower.
  • Varnish - A thin, insoluble, non-wipeable film occurring on interior engine parts of gasoline engines. Can cause sticking and malfunction of close-clearance moving parts.
  • Viscosity - A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
  • Viscosity Index (VI) - An empirical number indicating the effect of temperature change on the viscosity of the oil. High VI means less change of viscosity with temperature.
  • Viscosity Modifier - Lubricant additive, usually a high molecular weight polymer, that reduces the tendency of an oil's viscosity to change with temperature.
  • Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphates - The most popular anti-wear agents.

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